Name: (L527) Exam and essay verbs you need to know in high school: "Outline"
SKU: OUT-1
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Description

Research tells us that we should:

teach young high-schoolers some specific words explicitly; and
choose words that are:
- cross-curriculum words: words used in high school across multiple subjects. (Cross-curriculum words are also known as “academic words” or “tier 2 words”. You can read more about these words, find out why they are so useful, and access longer words lists and other free resources here);
- highly functional: words that can used in all sorts of places, with all sorts of people in the “real world”; and
- verbs: these are harder to learn than nouns, especially for children with language, learning or reading difficulties (e.g. Nash & Snowling, 2006).

To date, vocabulary interventions show that you can teach kids new words. But choosing the right words is really important because:

it takes lots of work for a child to learn a new word, especially if the child has language, learning or reading difficulties; and
learning a word doesn’t seem to automatically help a child learn other words (e.g. Snow et al., 2009).

When teaching high schoolers new words, the evidence tells us we should go for depth of word knowledge, rather than going for lots words. Research also tells us that we should teach high school students new words:

intensively: at least an hour a week, with home exercises between sessions;
one word at a time;
by defining the word explicitly;
using lots of repetition, in lots of different contexts;
ideally, in small groups (3-5 children) so they can work together and discuss the words based on their real world experiences;
by giving them lots of opportunities to use the word in different ways;
focus on different aspects of the word including the:
- meaning of the word;
- speech sounds and syllables that make up the word;
- grammatical role of the word;
- morphology of the word, including the word origin; and
- spelling of the word;
using activities the students like to increase motivation and engagement (e.g. by consulting “experts” on YouTube or Reddit);
using gestures (there is some evidence that miming an action while saying the word can help younger children to learn verbs e.g. Riches et al., 2005); and
giving students personal challenges to use and act out the word at home or out and about.

In this no-preparation pack, we have addressed each of these elements to focus on the word outline. Outline is one of the more common academic verbs used in exams and essays. It is also a fundamental verbal reasoning skill required for higher study, work, community activities, and in personal relationships.

What’s in the pack?

The 22-page no-prep slide-pack is composed of 10 activities, all focused on the word “outline”. Consistent with the research, in these exercises, we:

read a short passage so students can see and hear the word in action;
define the word so students know what it means;
look closely at the word and its variants, as well as the word origin so students understand the word better;
listen to recorded sentences containing the word in everyday situations so students can hear how it is used;
teach practical strategies to answer questions containing the word with real world examples;
help the students answer “outline” questions based on their general knowledge of the world; and
look and talk about some real examples of how the the word has been used in different subjects in recent senior exam questions.

The slides can be used one-to-one with a student, with small groups, or in whole class teaching. They are suitable for children aged 12-16, and older children with language, reading or other learning disorders. They are also suitable for high school children who are learning English as an additional language.

Principal source and more resources:

Spencer, S., Clegg, J., Lowe, H., Stackhouse, J. (2017). Increasing adolescents’ depth of understanding of cross-curriculum words: an intervention study. International Journal or Language and Communication Disorders, 52(5), 652-668. Abstract link: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1460-6984.12309/abstract

Be sure to check out the wonderful research of other resources created by Dr Sarah Spencer and colleagues, with free session plans for the following academic verbs: